
There aren't many things that look like this on a chest X-ray or a CT scan. What the first image is showing is known as the Cresent's sign or
Monod's sign. A solid mass surrounded by a radiolucent crescent. The mass represents a mycetoma or fungus ball. Sometimes they will be freely mobile and repeating a Chest X-ray with the patient in the decubitus position will show that the mass has moved.
We were consulted to see this gentleman who had an underlying leukemia and was recovering from his chemotherapy. He was admitted with new onset fever and chills, the chest X-ray revealed multiple infiltrates and the CT scan you see. Anyone of a number of fungi can cause a mycetoma, but more often than not this picture is almost classic for an aspergilloma.

Further review of the CT scan revealed that the anterior segment of the Right Upper Lobe (RUL) bronchus led into one of the fungus balls. We were asked to perform a bronchoscopy to determine if indeed this was
Aspergillus. The image below shows the takeoff of the anterior segment of the RUL, seen at about 8 o'clock. You can already see the black gray of the fungus sitting in the area.

As we moved in for a closer look we can see the fungus ball even better.

Finally, we 'popped' into the segment for a close up of the mycetoma.

Cultures grew out
Aspergillus niger and the patient was treated with IV antifungals. Since Aspergillus is an angoinvasive fungus, meaning it is capable of invading the vascular bed, some patients present with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). It can be so severe that some patients die by drowning in their own blood. Patients presenting this way are either taken directly to surgery to remove the aspergilloma or for bronchial artery embolization.
Aspergillus was first described and named by
Micheli in 1729. The similarity in appearance between its fruiting heads and the brush used for sprinkling holy water (aspergillum) probably suggested the name.
Photo credit Jasper Juinen/Getty images
In 1952 Hinson described the first case of
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (a very different disease than the mycetoma) but, more importantly he was the first to note that Aspergillus can cause at least three types of disease in humans. 1) Saprophytic, 2) Allergic, and 3) Septicemic or Pyemic.
It is also important to note that Aspergillus is a ubiquitous mold representing between 0.1 and 22% of the total air spores sampled. Underlying disease, host immunity, and the organisms virulence all play role in the development of disease in humans. There are 250 species of Aspergillus, but only a few are human pathogens. Most people go through life never being bothered by this fungus.
One of the most interesting historical aspects of Aspergillus is the following; in 1890 Dieulafoy, Chantemesse, and Widal were the first to describe the disease in pigeon-crammers and they called it
maladie des graveurs. The pigeon-crammers of Paris performed 'gavage' by taking a mouthful of grain and water and spitting it into the mouth of a pigeon. Each man fed about 2,000 pigeons a day and it was well known among them that they would succumb to a chronic pulmonary disease.
Last I saw of this patients records he had recovered from chemo, the aspergilloma was treated and resolved, and he was Cancer free.
References:
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NIH/Medline plus on Pulmonary Aspergilloma-
Review of all forms of aspergillus infections-
Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A clinical update-
Broncho-pulmonary Aspergillosis: A review and a report of eight new cases. K.F.W. Hinson, AJ. Moon, and N.S. Plummer. Thorax 1952;7;317-333.